The editor gratefully acknowledges extracts from underground mining methods engineering fundamentals and international case studies by william a. Underground mining hard rock underground hard rock mining refers to various underground mining techniques used to excavate hard minerals such as those containing metals like gold, copper, zinc, nickel and lead or gems such as diamonds. However, ever since the introduction of continuous miners in the late 1940s, roomandpillar continuous mining has been gaining ground over conventional roomandpillar mining. Reflecting the international and diverse nature of the industry, a series of mining case studies is presented covering the commodity range from iron ore to diamonds extracted by operations located in. Pdf mining methods underground mining mayra garcia. Requirements prior to performing the exercises in this chapter, some experience in underground mine design is helpful, but not required.
Exploring abandoned mines and unusual places 1,667,926 views. Pdf underground mining methods download full pdf book. This book consists of selected material from the outofprint industry standard, underground mining methods handbook. Purchase underground mining methods and technology, volume 1 1st edition. Local conditions will form the basis for choosing the appropriate mining method.
By the new stone age,humans had progressed to underground mining in systematic openings 2 to 3 ft 0. Figure f1 schematic of a roomandpillar coal mine section. Sufficient knowledge of the mineral deposit, mining. Underground mining methods presents the latest principles and techniques in use today. These are the methodstechniques employed when the depth of the deposit,the stripping ratio of the overburden to. Engineering fundamentals and international case studies presents the latest principles and techniques in use today. Counting against underground mining are the costs, which, for each ton of material mined, are much higher underground than on the. Here are the types of underground mining and their. Underground hard rock mining refers to various underground mining techniques used to excavate hard minerals, usually those containing metals such as ore containing gold, silver, iron, copper, zinc, nickel, tin and lead, but also involves using the same techniques for excavating ores of gems such as diamonds or rubies. Types of underground mining and their applications duration. Underground construction has been around for thousands of years, mostly developed through mining and more recently through transport, housing and commercial industries. The mining rate includes the mining of both waste and ore.
It is defined as a concentration of minerals that can be exploited and turned into a saleable product to generate a financially acceptable profit under existing economic conditions. Includes descriptions of stope mining, block caving, room and pillar mining and longwall mining. Types of underground mining and their applications youtube. Underground mining in porgera employ a unique mining method known as avoca mining. When any ore body lies a considerable distance below the surface, the amount of waste that has to be removed in order to uncover the ore through surface mining becomes prohibitive, and underground techniques must be considered. Ramps inclined tunnels are excavated to connect the surface to the underground orebody. Abstract the application of underground preconcentration technology to narrow vein mining has the potential to change the. Environmental analysis and planning considerations by f. Underground mining methods are usually employed when the depth of the deposit andor the waste to ore ratio stripping ratio are. System analysis and simulation of narrow vein mining method with underground preconcentration mario morin, andrew bamber, malcolm scoble department of mining engineering. Longwall mining is a highly mechaniz ed underground mining sys tem for mining coal.
Surface mining tt coal produced underground mining tt coal produced mining techniques contour area conventional longwall liquid effluents 0. System analysis and simulation of narrow vein mining. In contrast soft rock mining refers to excavation of softer minerals such as coal, or oil sands. Classification of underground mining methods mineral production in which all extracting operations are conducted beneath the ground surface is termed underground mining. Download complete pdf of the porgera underground mine and its mining method. The actual difference between surface and underground mining. Reflecting the international and diverse nature of the industry, a series of mining case studies is presented covering the commodity range from iron ore to diamonds extracted by operations located in all corners of the world. Solution mining includes both borehole mining, such as the methods used to extrac t sodium chloride or sulfur, and leaching, either through drillholes or in dumps or heap s on the surface. Both methods are well suited to extracting the relatively flat coalbeds or coal seams typical of. Furthermore, the paper describes concepts that can be incorporated into the overall ventilation design of these mines. In any discussion of methods of underground mining comparison, one is repeatedly confronted with the difficulty of dealing with so many variable conditions. The channel tunnel, london underground, british library, and various shopping centre are all examples of underground construction. The two industries ranked together as the primary or basic industries of early civilization. This section will cover some terms used in this tutorial and some basic concepts of underground mine design.
Underground mining systems mine 205 yi luo page 3 of 3 students are exposed to the scientific concepts, problem formulation approaches, mathematical tools, solution techniques and applicable computer software involved in designing many components of the underground mining systems. In his keynote at massmin 2016, fidel baez nunez, head of technology and innovation at. Includes a table listing environmental impacts of underground mining and describing how each impact is managed. It is not an exact science and in the choice of a method each varying factor has a certain weight, which, in many cases, experience alone can determine. Click download or read online button to get techniques in underground mining book now. Soft rock mining refers to excavation of softer minerals such as salt, coal. It set of longwall mining equipment consists of a coal shear er mounted on convey or operating. Ore grade determination techniques ore grade is the single key variable in establishing mine economics. Room and pillar mining in this method, mining is carried out in an ore deposit, leaving behind some of the ore in the form of columns to support the roof and prevent it from collapsing. Underground mining methods and applications production headframe hans hamrin 1. For the most part they were all timid peopleof course, they were petitioners. Underground mine design in surpac vision mining and blasting. Techniques in underground mining download ebook pdf.
Underground construction techniques civil engineering. More than 40 chapters covering such underground mining topics as sampling, planning, reserve analysis, cost calculations, various methods of support, block and panel caving, and sublevel caving make up this comprehensive text. Students describe some techniques of underground mining. A manual of underground surveying civil engineering. Future mining underground encompasses everything from haulage to mine planning to networks, and is an area where all the major mining companies and many of the smaller ones are focussing, both to maximise production efficiency and increase safety. Most bauxite, iron, and copper ore is mined by open pit techniques, lead and zinc ore are principally extracted by underground mining. The choice of an underground mining method depends on a range of factors and these include. Underground mining methods and technology, volume 1 1st. This method is called underground mining, whose types are explained below. These deposits form a mineralized package that is of economic interest to the miner. When petitioners used to come for information to the table at which i sat, i used to grind my teeth at them, and felt intense enjoyment when i succeeded in making anybody unhappy. Okubo encyclopedia of life support systems eolss effective for smallscale operations. Mining is the extraction of valuable minerals or other geological materials from the earth, usually from an ore body, lode, vein, seam, reef or placer deposit. Mineral exploitation in which all the extraction is carried out beneath the surface of earth.
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